Main Ref. | Schuster, W.H., 1960 |
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Remarks | Feeds on algae as well as on zooplankton and benthic invertebrates (Ref. 11889). Inhabits coastal waters, entering bays and estuaries. Euryhaline. Also found in freshwater. Forms small shoals near the surface. Feeds on benthic invertebrates, small crustaceans and worms (Ref. 9773). Temperature is the prime factor responsible for limiting the habitat of the species to tropical and subtropical regions of the Indian and the Pacific Ocean. Also, susceptibility to predation limits the distribution of the species. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Halwart, M. and M.V. Gupta, 2004 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | shoaling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly plants/detritus (troph. 2-2.19) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Schuster, W.H., 1960 |
Feeding habit | grazing on aquatic plants |
Feeding habit Ref. | Schuster, W.H., 1960 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 2.03 | 0.06 | |||
From individual food items | 2.59 | 0.18 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Hiatt, R.W., 1944 |