Main Ref. | Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg, 1960 |
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Remarks | Found inshore (Ref. 75154); Common in outer reef slopes in 4-30 m depth; in caves and ledges of clear lagoon and seaward reefs from 0.5 to at least 40 m, generally hovering solitarily in midwater (Ref. 1602, 9137, 58534). Adults usually in pairs or small groups comprising several pairs; juveniles solitary or small groups (Ref. 48635). Feeds primarily on small fishes (Ref. 9710). Dwells in coral and rocky reefs, seaweed and seagrass, and deep waters. Carnivorous; feeds on small fishes, living corals and crustaceans (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
Special habitats | Beds: algae/seaweed; sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
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Associations | |
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Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg, 1960 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Masuda, H. and G.R. Allen, 1993 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.12 | 0.61 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |