Main Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
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Remarks | Occurs in continental shelf areas as well as clear waters around islands (Ref. 5217). Large adults usually among rocks and coral while juveniles occur over sandy, vegetated (usually Thalassia) bottoms (Ref. 5217). Associated with seagrass (Ref. 118046). Forms small aggregations which disband during the night (Ref. 55). Feeds both day and night on fishes, shrimps, crabs, cephalopods, and gastropods (Ref. 55) and other benthic organisms (Ref. 26338, 42771). Carnivore (Ref. 57616). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Unsworth, R.K., L.M. Nordlund and L.C. Cullen-Unsworth, 2018 |
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Associations | |
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Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Dominici-Arosemena, A. and M. Wolff, 2005 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.91 | 0.20 | 3.80 | 0.60 | Troph of juv./adults from 4 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.92 | 0.60 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |