Main Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
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Remarks | Occurs in inshore waters of the continental shelf (Ref. 75154). Juveniles are observed to stay on seagrass beds (Ref. 128523). Inhabits the vicinity of coral reefs, also areas with flat bottoms and occasional low coral outcrops, sponges, and sea whips. Seen singly or in groups of up to about 30 individuals. Feeds on fishes, shrimps, crabs and other benthic invertebrates. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Hard Bottom: rubble; |
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Substrate Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
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Associations | |
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Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.96 | 0.30 | 3.98 | 0.62 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.74 | 0.59 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Salini, J.P., S.J.M. Blaber and D.T. Brewer, 1994 |