Main Ref. | Rosenthal, R.J., V.M. O'Connell and M.C. Murphy, 1988 |
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Remarks | Inhabit rocky bottoms and reefs, usually solitary on the bottom or hovering just above it, but never far from cover (Ref. 27436, 27437). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | : rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Rosenthal, R.J., V.M. O'Connell and M.C. Murphy, 1988 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Rosenthal, R.J., V.M. O'Connell and M.C. Murphy, 1988 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.84 | 0.37 | 3.74 | 0.54 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.51 | 0.56 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Rosenthal, R.J., V.M. O'Connell and M.C. Murphy, 1988 |