Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; freshwater; brackish; demersal; depth range 5 - 37 m (Ref. 5304). Tropical; 21°N -
Southeast Atlantic: Mauritania to south of Angola (Ref. 5304).
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 10.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 27121)
Short description
Identification keys | Morphology | Morphometrics
Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 104 - 113; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 72 - 74. Diagnosis: flat and asymmetric body; eyes located on right side of head, except in reversed individuals; preopercle covered by skin and opercle entirely scaled; mouth small, more or less arched and inferior; dorsal and anal fins lacking spinous rays and separated from caudal fin; dorsal fin originating on upper edge of mouth; pectoral fins absent; pelvic fins asymmetrical, the one on eyed side united to anal fin; lateral line straight along each side; body covered with ctenoid scales (Ref. 57416).
A marine species also occurring in brackish waters and recorded from water practically free of salt in Cameroon (Ref. 6805).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Reproduction | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Desoutter, M., 1990. Soleidae. p. 1037-1049. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 5304)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.2 - 27.9, mean 26.6 °C (based on 46 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00977 (0.00473 - 0.02021), b=3.07 (2.90 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref.
120179): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 457 [162, 901] mg/100g; Iron = 1.39 [0.60, 2.97] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [15.9, 19.6] %; Omega3 = 0.138 [0.061, 0.302] g/100g; Selenium = 37.8 [16.9, 82.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 22.6 [7.2, 73.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.84 [1.15, 2.74] mg/100g (wet weight);
