Main Ref. | Thollot, P., 1996 |
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Remarks | Common in large schools along sandy shorelines and reef margins. Slow moving and not well regarded as bait. Extremely important as forage fish for larger species (Ref. 3302). Found on rock pools (Ref. 124789). Inhabits shallow coastal waters, sandy beaches and estuaries. Feeds at night, with prey such as planktonic eggs, copepods, and other zooplankton. Forms schools during the day (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; |
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Substrate Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Thollot, P., 1996 |
Feeding habit | selective plankton feeding |
Feeding habit Ref. | Thollot, P., 1996 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.29 | 0.18 | 3.27 | 0.45 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.30 | 0.34 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Hobson, E.S. and J.R. Chess, 1973 |