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Scombriformes (Mackerels) >
Scombridae (Mackerels, tunas, bonitos) > Scombrinae
Etymology: Gymnosarda: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, sarde = sardine; 1598 (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Rüppell.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển Cùng sống ở rạn san hô; Ở đại duơng, biển (Ref. 51243); Mức độ sâu 0 - 250 m (Ref. 86942). Tropical; 20°C - 28°C (Ref. 5313); 31°N - 30°S, 32°E - 130°W (Ref. 168)
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to French Polynesia, north to Japan, south to Australia.
Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 248 cm FL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 40637); common length : 190 cm NG con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 9710); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 131.0 kg (Ref. 168)
Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng) : 13 - 15; Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng) : 12 - 14; Tia cứng vây hậu môn: 0; Tia mềm vây hậu môn: 12 - 13; Động vật có xương sống: 38. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body elongate and moderately compressed; mouth fairly large, upper jaw reaching to middle of eye; 14 to 31 large, conical teeth on upper jaw, 10 to 24 on lower jaw; 2 patches of villiform teeth on upper surface of tongue; total gill rakers on first gill arch 11-14; D1 XIII-XV, its border almost straight, the second followed by 6-7 finlets, dorsal fins close together; anal fin followed by 6 finlets; pectoral fins with 25-28 rays; interpelvic process large and single; lateral line strongly undulating; body naked posterior to corselet except for lateral line, dorsal-fin base, and caudal keel; caudal peduncle slender, with a well-developed lateral keel between 2 smaller keels on each side. Colour of back and upper sides brilliant blue-black, lower sides and belly silvery; no lines, spots or other markings on body; anterior tip of first dorsal fin dark; other fins greyish (Ref. 9684).
An offshore species found mainly around coral reefs. Generally solitary or occur in small schools of six or less. Preys on small schooling fishes such as Decapterus, Caesio, Nasio, Cirrhilabrus, Pterocaesio and squids. Caught mainly by pole-and-line. Marketed canned and frozen (Ref. 9684, 48637). Adults may be ciguatoxic (Ref. 37816). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 128797.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Chín muồi sinh dục | Sự tái sinh sản | Đẻ trứng | Các trứng | Sự sinh sản | Ấu trùng
Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Threat to humans
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 168)
Human uses
Các nghề cá: buôn bán nhỏ; cá để chơi: đúng
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 20.9 - 28.2, mean 26.5 °C (based on 938 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01096 (0.00661 - 0.01818), b=3.06 (2.92 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.75 se; based on food items.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
120179): thấp, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 4.5 - 14 năm (Assuming tmax>10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (92 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 11.6 [6.8, 20.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.539 [0.311, 0.982] mg/100g; Protein = 21.8 [20.2, 23.1] %; Omega3 = 0.136 [0.084, 0.225] g/100g; Selenium = 69.1 [38.3, 127.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 51.6 [19.1, 151.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.543 [0.384, 0.760] mg/100g (wet weight);
