Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري مرتبطة بالشعاب; نطاق العمق 1 - 70 m (Ref. 126840), usually 5 - 55 m (Ref. 5288). Subtropical; 43°N - 30°S, 98°W - 5°W
Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Massachusetts, and northern Gulf of Mexico to southern Brazil. Eastern Atlantic: Ascension and St. Helena.
الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 45.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 5288); common length : 30.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 3812); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 1.6 kg (Ref. 40637)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 12; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 10; شوكة شرجية: 3; أشعه شرجية لينه: 5. Occipital pit present; three to four spines on part of preorbital overlapping maxillary; large white spots on dark background on inner basal part of pectoral fin (unclear in specimens smaller than 3 cm SL) (Ref. 13608).
Found mostly in shallow coral reef and rocky areas. Lies motionless on the bottom (Ref. 9710). Feeds mostly on other fishes and crustaceans. Moderately common below about 5 m depth to at least 55 m. Displays characteristic bright white spots on dark background of pectoral axil when disturbed (Ref. 49392). Anterolateral glandular groove with venom gland (Ref. 57406). Eaten locally and said to taste a bit like chicken. Traded as an aquarium fish at Ceará, Brazil (Ref. 49392).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | التكاثر | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Smith-Vaniz, W.F., B.B. Collette and B.E. Luckhurst, 1999. Fishes of Bermuda: history, zoogeography, annotated checklist, and identification keys. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 4. 424 p. (Ref. 35505)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: غير مهمة تجارياً; حوض مائي: تجاري
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.9 - 28, mean 25.6 °C (based on 770 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01514 (0.00987 - 0.02321), b=3.00 (2.87 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): منخفض, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 4.5-14 سنة (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 26.5 [10.7, 67.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.53 [0.27, 1.47] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [17.6, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.293 [0.127, 0.806] g/100g; Selenium = 16.8 [7.9, 40.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 58.3 [19.9, 179.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.815 [0.541, 1.238] mg/100g (wet weight);
