Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά); Υφάλμυρο βενθοπελαγικό; εύρος βάθους 1 - 40 m (Ref. 86942). Tropical; 9°S - 37°S, 129°E - 155°E (Ref. 114953)
Western Central and Southwest Pacific: endemic to eastern and northern Australia (Ref. 114953).
Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 130 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 9840); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 6.1 kg (Ref. 40637)
Found in mangrove swamps and estuaries (Ref. 9840). Feeds on shellfish (Ref. 6871), worms, crabs and other crustaceans (Ref. 114953). Size could possibly reach 160 cm DW (Ref. 114953). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Maturity size ca. 41 cm WD (males) and 63 cm WD (females); hatch size ca. 11 cm WD (Ref. 114953).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση | Αναπαραγωγή | Γεννοβολία | Αβγά | Γονιμότητα | Προνύμφες
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).
Mould, B., 1994. A world list of rays. The scientific nomenclature and distribution of the recent Batoidea (Batoidea, Elasmobranchii, Chondrichthyes). University of Nottingham, [UK]. 82 p. (Ref. 8630)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: περιορισμένης εμπορικότητας; αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 26.9 - 29, mean 28 °C (based on 130 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00468 (0.00195 - 0.01123), b=3.12 (2.92 - 3.32), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.50 se; based on food items.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 4,5 - 14 έτη (Assuming fecundity<100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (78 of 100).