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> Scombriformes (Mackerels) > Scombridae (Mackerels, tunas, bonitos) > Scombrinae
Etymology: Thunnus: Greek, thynnos = tunna (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Temminck & Schlegel.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Οικολογία

Θαλασσινό(ά); Υφάλμυρο; ωκεανόδρομο(ς) (Ref. 51243); εύρος βάθους 1 - 550 m (Ref. 58302). Subtropical; 61°N - 52°S, 99°E - 70°W

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North Pacific: Gulf of Alaska to southern California and Baja California and from Sakhalin Island in the southern Sea of Okhotsk south to northern Philippines. There are four substantiated records of this subspecies in the southern hemisphere: off Western Australia, southeast Pacific (37°11'S, 114°41'W) and Gulf of Papua (Ref. 10997). The species occurs mainly in the northern Pacific but ventures into New Zealand waters for at least three months during spring and early summer (Ref. 83312).

Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 300 cm FL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 9340); common length : 200 cm FL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 9340); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 450.0 kg (Ref. 47525); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 15 έτη (Ref. 83312)

Short description Κλείδες προσδιορισμού | Μορφολογία | Μορφομετρία

Mean number of gill rakers 35.9. First ventrally directed parapophysis on vertebra number 8. Dorsal wall of body cavity has a narrow bulge with lateral concavity and wide lateral trough. Caudal keels dark.

Epipelagic, usually oceanic, but seasonally coming close to shore (Ref. 168). Tolerates ample temperature intervals (Ref. 168). Forms schools by size, sometimes with other scombrids (Ref. 168). Migrates between June and September in a northward direction along the coast of Baja California, Mexico and California (Ref. 168). A voracious predator that feeds on a wide variety of small schooling fishes and squids, also on crabs crabs and to a lesser degree on sessile organisms (Ref. 168). Marketed fresh and frozen.

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες

Main reference Upload your references | Αναφορές | Συντονιστής : Collette, Bruce B. | Συνεργάτες

Collette, B.B., 1995. Scombridae. Atunes, bacoretas, bonitos, caballas, estorninos, melva, etc. p. 1521-1543. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9340)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Near Threatened (NT) (A2bd); Date assessed: 15 January 2021

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

αλιεία: πολύ εμπορικό; Υδατοκαλλιέργειες: Εμπορικό(ά); αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί

FAO - Aquaculture systems: Παραγωγή; αλιεία: landings; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | Η θάλασσα γύρω μας

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Διαδικτυακές πηγές

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 13.9 - 28.1, mean 24.3 °C (based on 983 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01380 (0.00638 - 0.02986), b=3.03 (2.86 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref. 69278): 4.5 ±0.3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

Generation time: 10.6 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2 growth studies.

Ελαστικότητα (Ref. 120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (tm=3-5; tmax=15; K=0.1-0.2).

Prior r = 0.25, 95% CL = 0.17 - 0.38, Based on 3 full stock assessments.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Very high vulnerability (76 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Nutrients (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 18.3 [10.0, 32.3] mg/100g; Iron = 2.32 [0.96, 5.79] mg/100g; Protein = 24.2 [22.7, 25.5] %; Omega3 = 0.403 [0.246, 0.662] g/100g; Selenium = 42.6 [16.1, 118.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 21.5 [2.9, 199.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.355 [0.211, 0.717] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.

Thunnus orientalis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)