分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水; 降海洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 10 - 20 m (Ref. 7399). 溫帶; 64°N - 20°N, 26°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic: Scotland to Cape Verde; in the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Also in coastal waters from southern Norway to Morocco, rare off Mauritania (Ref. 3573). Records from the lagoon of Accra are probably misidentifications.
東大西洋: 到維德角的蘇格蘭; 在地中海與黑海。 也在來自南方的挪威到摩洛哥的沿岸水域中, 稀有的茅利塔尼亞外海到.(參考文獻 3573) 阿克拉的記錄從潟湖是可能是誤鑑。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 34.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 61.0 cm FL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 117745); common length : 30.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 7399); 最大体重: 2.5 kg (Ref. 117745)
背棘 (总数) : 5; 背的软条 (总数) : 7 - 9; 臀棘: 3. Longer pectoral fins, lack of black spot at the pectoral fin base. Golden spot present in gill cover (Ref. 35388).
较长的胸鳍, 在胸鳍基底没有黑色的斑点。 金的斑点出现在鳃盖。 (参考文献 35388)
Adults are neritic usually in schools, entering lagoons and lower estuaries (Ref. 7399); rarely entering freshwater (Ref. 3573, 59043). Juveniles move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in winter and especially in spring (Ref. 59043). They feed on small benthic organisms, detritus, and occasionally on insects and plankton (Ref. 2804). Juveniles feed only on zooplankton (Ref. 59043). Reproduction takes place in the sea, from July to November. Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Minimum size allowed for fishing is 20 cm. The quality of the flesh is variable (Ref. 30578).
浅海的, 进入泻湖与下游河口.(参考文献 7399) 很少进入淡水。 (参考文献 3573) 吃小型底栖的生物，碎屑, 与偶然地在昆虫与浮游生物上.(参考文献 2804) 繁殖发生于海洋, 从七月到十一月。 最小量大小考虑到钓鱼是 20 公分了。 肉的品质是可变的。 (参考文献 30578)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Juveniles move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in winter and especially in spring (Ref. 59043).東大西洋: 到維德角的蘇格蘭; 在地中海與黑海。 也在來自南方的挪威到摩洛哥的沿岸水域中, 稀有的茅利塔尼亞外海到.(參考文獻 3573) 阿克拉的記錄從潟湖是可能是誤鑑。
Thomson, J.M., 1986. Mugilidae. p. 344-349. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels, MRAC; Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3573)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
临近濒危 (NT) (Near Threatened); Date assessed: 07 June 2022
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 9.7 - 20.7, mean 11.9 °C (based on 344 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00861 - 0.01216), b=2.96 (2.93 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 2.8 ±0.33 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 5.5 (3.7 - 6.9) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 31
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.14-0.34; tm=3-4; Fec>10,000).
Prior r = 0.77, 95% CL = 0.51 - 1.16, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 15.9 [5.1, 136.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.255 [0.151, 0.421] mg/100g; Protein = 18.2 [16.9, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 1.21 [0.47, 3.11] g/100g; Selenium = 2.88 [1.17, 7.25] μg/100g; VitaminA = 12.9 [3.4, 52.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.478 [0.334, 0.670] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
