分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Osmeriformes (Freshwater smelts) >
Osmeridae (Smelts)
Etymology: Hypomesus: Greek, hypo = under + Greek,mesos = a half (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Girard.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 底中水层性. 溫帶; 61°N - 33°N, 163°W - 117°W
Eastern Pacific: Prince William Sound, Gulf of Alaska to Long Beach, southern California, USA. Reports from the western Pacific are misidentifications of Hypomesus japonicus.
東太平洋: 聲音威廉王子，阿拉斯加灣到長堤市，美國的南加州。 報告從西太平洋是 Hypomesus japonicus 的誤鑑。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ?, range 9 - ? cm
Max length : 30.5 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 6885); common length : 15.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 12193); 最大年龄: 5 年 (Ref. 72502)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 背的软条 (总数) : 9 - 11; 臀棘: 0; 臀鳍软条: 12 - 17; 脊椎骨: 64 - 67. Vomer small, without posterior process; periphery of glossohyal bone with single row of blunt teeth, a few teeth located irregularly at center of distal region; base of adipose fin less than 20% of head length; eye small; adipose eyelid well developed (Ref. 33312). Distinguished by its midlateral scale count of 66 to 73 and the presence of 4 to 7 pyloric caeca (Ref. 27547). Lateral line short and incomplete, reaching about to tip of pectorals (Ref. 27547). Adipose sickle-shaped; pectorals small; pelvic fins originating behind or below dorsal origin (Ref. 6885). Light olive green to brownish on back, sides and belly silvery and iridescent with a bright reflecting band along the side in living specimens; males show more golden hues than females during spawning season (Ref. 6885). Branchiostegal rays: 7-8 (Ref. 35792).
犁骨小的, 没有在后部的突起; 上舌骨的外围有单列的钝齿，在末梢部区域的中心被不规则地设置的一些齿; 脂鳍的基底少于 20% 的头长; 眼小的; 脂眼睑发展良好的.(参考文献 33312) 区别的特徵为它的侧面中央鳞片计数了 66 到 73 与那有 4 到 7个幽门的盲肠.(参考文献 27547) 侧线短与不完全的, 对胸鳍顶端大约达到.(参考文献 27547) 脂肪的镰刀-形状的; 胸鳍小的; 腹鳍后面或在背鳍起点之下开始.(参考文献 6885) 淡的橄榄绿色的到褐色的背面, 侧边与腹面银色而彩虹色的具有一个明亮的反映条纹在活的标本中沿着侧边; 雄性在产卵季节的时候超过雌性显示更多的金色。 (参考文献 6885) 鳃条骨: 7-8.(参考文献 35792)
Individuals 3.5 cm may ascend rivers, presumably returning to the sea shortly after (Ref. 27547). Presumably young move offshore and reappear inshore as mature adults (Ref. 27547). At sea, they feed on small crustaceans, worms and jellyfish, as well as larval fishes (Ref. 6885, 10276). Females reach age 3, males age 2 (Ref. 27547). Oviparous, with demersal eggs and planktonic larvae (Ref. 35792). Eggs are laid on beaches with heavy surf action (Ref. 33312).
个体 3.5 公分可能上溯到河, 可能回到海洋在.之后不久 (参考文献 27547) 推测为幼鱼移动外海而且再出现如成熟的成鱼沿海地区.(参考文献 27547) 在海上，他们吃小型甲壳动物，蠕虫与水母, 以及仔鱼.(参考文献 6885,10276) 雌性达到 3 岁，雄性 2 岁。 (参考文献 27547) 卵生的，具有沉性卵与浮游生物仔鱼.(参考文献 35792) 卵以大浪行动在海滩上生产。 (参考文献 33312)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Schools approach the beach to spawn, usually with the females appearing a few days before the males. At spawning, large numbers of males mill about near the edge of the surf. When a female is seen, numbers of males pursue her and try to get into spawning position. If she swims to deeper water, the males desert her. 1 to 5 males swim parallel to and slightly behind a ripe female. The males press against the female and as they reach water 2.5 to 5 cm deep, the fish bend and vibrate, releasing eggs and sperm, then retreat to deeper water. The spawning act may be repeated on several successive waves. Wave action buries the eggs, usually to a depth of 2.5 to10 cm but sometimes to as deep as 30 cm (Ref. 27547).東太平洋: 聲音威廉王子，阿拉斯加灣到長堤市，美國的南加州。 報告從西太平洋是 Hypomesus japonicus 的誤鑑。
Saruwatari, T., J.A. López and T.W. Pietsch, 1997. A revision of the ormerid genus Hypomesus Gill (Teleostei: Salmoniformes), with a description of a new species from the southern Kuril Islands. Species Diversity 2:59-82. (Ref. 33312)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.5 - 11.8, mean 8.6 °C (based on 58 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5313 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00372 (0.00178 - 0.00775), b=3.17 (2.99 - 3.35), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.41 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=1-2; tmax=5; Fec=1,320).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (21 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (71 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 54.4 [24.8, 135.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.415 [0.193, 1.044] mg/100g; Protein = 16.9 [13.6, 19.8] %; Omega3 = 0.633 [0.287, 1.428] g/100g; Selenium = 12.8 [5.8, 26.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 29.8 [11.0, 84.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.771 [0.517, 1.176] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
