Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
पारिस्थितिकी
समुद्री; खारा ड़िमरसल; औशिनोड़िरोमस (Ref. 51243); गहराई सीमा 10 - 90 m (Ref. 12260), usually 20 - 60 m (Ref. 114285). Tropical; 36°N - 28°S, 33°E - 180°E
Indo-West Pacific: East Africa to southeast Asia, north to China, south to northern Australia and Fiji (Ref. 12743).
Length at first maturity / आकार / वज़न / Age
Maturity: Lm 9.9, range 9 - 10.3 cm
Max length : 23.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 30573); common length : 20.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 5450)
पृष्ठीय रीढ़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 8; पृष्ठीय सौफट रेज़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 9; गुदा कांटा: 1; ऐनल सौफट रेज़: 7. This species is distinguished by the following characters: D VIII,9; pectoral fins 15-16; gill rakers 7-8 + 19-21 = 27-28; lateral line scales 34-37; body depth at first dorsal-fin origin 29-33% SL and at anus 25-27% SL; caudal-peduncle depth 11-12% SL; maximum head depth 23-25% SL; head depth through eye 18-20% SL; head length 29-30%SL; orbit length 7.4-8.7% SL; upper jaw length 11-13% SL; barbel length 17-21% SL; caudal-fin length 27-30% SL; anal-fin height 16-18% SL; pelvic-fin length 20-22% SL; pectoral-fin length 24-26% SL; first dorsal-fin height 23-26% SL; second dorsal-fin height 17-18% SL; no bars on caudal-fin lobes; yellowish lower lobe base, grey on upper lobe (some of the caudal-fin lobe pigmentation retained when preserved, including inner margin of fin lobes); 2 yellow body stripes, 1 mid-lateral body from operculum to caudal-fin base (both faintly retained in preserved fish); white barbels; body dorsally pale brown and ventrally white (pale brown with some reddish or darker brown area at mid-body in preserved fish) (Ref. 82903).
Found in coastal waters, entering estuaries (Ref. 30573). Sandy-muddy bottom (Ref. 43239). Forms schools (Ref. 5213). Has appearance of sillaginids when schooling (Ref. 48636).
Life cycle and mating behavior
परिपक्व अवधि | पुनरुत्पत्ति | मछलीऔ का अंडे देना | अंडे | Fecundity | लार्वा
Kumaran, M. and J.E. Randall, 1984. Mullidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean fishing area 51. Vol. 3. (Ref. 3470)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
मात्स्यिकी: लघु वाणिज्य; जलजीवालय: व्यापारिक
साधन
Special reports
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इंटरनेट स्रोत
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.3 - 29.1, mean 28 °C (based on 1552 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01072 (0.00904 - 0.01270), b=3.10 (3.07 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 1.1 (0.9 - 1.4) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 22
growth studies.
लौटाव (Ref.
120179): माध्यम, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी होने का समय 1.4 - 4.4 वर्ष। (K=0.5-1.3; tmax=4.6).
Prior r = 0.52, 95% CL = 0.35 - 0.79, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (15 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 233 [126, 477] mg/100g; Iron = 1.33 [0.62, 2.35] mg/100g; Protein = 17.4 [15.4, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.302 [0.178, 0.562] g/100g; Selenium = 58.1 [32.3, 117.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 17.5 [6.6, 50.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.66 [1.06, 2.32] mg/100g (wet weight);
