Issue
Genetic data indicate that Mugil cephalus is globally a complex of species, At least 14 species (incl. former synonyms) have been recognized. The name should be applied only in North-East Atlantic and Mediterranean, Where species are sympatric, genetic and ecological data have confirmed the species validity (Refs. 89471,123406; 123405).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水 底中水层性; 降海洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 120 m (Ref. 9321), usually 0 - 10 m. 亞熱帶的; 8°C - 24°C (Ref. 4944); 62°N - 57°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 117425)
Cosmopolitan in coastal waters of the tropical, subtropical and temperate zones of all seas. Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Chile (Ref. 2850). Western Pacific: Japan to Australia (Ref. 9812). Western Indian Ocean: from India to South Africa (Ref. 4393). Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia, Canada to Brazil (Ref. 7251); Cape Cod to southern Gulf of Mexico (Ref. 26938); absent in the Bahamas and most of West Indies and Caribbean (Ref. 7251, 9761). Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to South Africa, including the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea (Ref. 7399). Reported in Sea of Okhotsk (Ref. 50550).
全球分佈於所有海洋的熱帶與亞熱帶區域的沿岸水域。 東太平洋: 美國加州到智利.(參考文獻 2850) 西大西洋: 加拿大的新斯科舍省到巴西;(參考文獻 7251) 科德角到墨西哥灣南部;(參考文獻 26938) 不存在於巴哈馬與大部分的西印度群島與加勒比海。 (參考文獻 7251,9761) 東大西洋: 比斯開灣到南非, 包括地中海與黑海.(參考文獻 7399) 在鄂霍次克海報告。 (參考文獻 50550)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 35.4, range 30 - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2804); common length : 50.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 7399); 最大年龄: 16 年 (Ref. 28725)
背棘 (总数) : 5; 背的软条 (总数) : 7 - 9; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 8 - 9. Diagnosis: body stout, cylindrical in cross-section, slightly compressed; head broad and flattened (Ref. 57400). Well developed adipose eyelid (Ref. 40476, 57400) covering most of pupil (Ref. 57400). Upper lip thin and without papillae (Ref. 57400), with 1-2 outer rows of small, moderately close-set, unicuspid teeth and up to 6 inner rows of smaller, bicuspid teeth (Ref. 81659). Lower lip with outer row of small unicuspid teeth and sometimes 1 or more inner rows of smaller, bicuspid teeth (Ref. 81659). Hind end of upper jaw reaching a vertical line from anterior eye margin; maxillary pad not visible below corner of mouth when closed; origin of 1st dorsal fin nearer to snout tip than to caudal-fin base (Ref. 57400). Anterior parts and bases of 2nd dorsal and anal fins with a moderately dense coverage of scales (Ref. 57400, 81659). Pectoral axillary process (Ref. 57400). 13-15 scale rows between origins of dorsal and pelvic fins (Ref. 57400, 81659). Pelvic fins, anal fin, and lower lobe of caudal fin yellowish in specimens from the tropical Atlantic coast of Africa (Ref. 57400, 81659).
色彩橄榄绿色的背面, 侧边银色的颜色变化成腹侧白色的。 唇细的。 胸鳍短.(不达到第一背鳍)
Adults are found in coastal waters (Ref. 2850, 44894, 57400), often entering estuaries and rivers (Ref. 2847, 3573, 11230, 44894, 57400), sometimes far-up-river, lagoons and hypersaline environments (Ref. 57400). They are usually in schools over sand or mud bottom (Ref. 2850), between 0 and 10 m, occurring equally in tropical, subtropical and temperate waters (Project MUGIL). They are mainly diurnal, feeding on detritus, micro-algae and benthic organisms (Ref. 56548, 74902, 74760). Juveniles feed on zooplankton until about 3.0 cm SL (Ref. 59043). Reproduction takes place at sea, at various times of the year depending on the location (Ref. 74907, Amour). Adults form schools and migrate offshore to spawn and developing larvae migrate back inshore (Ref. 81659). There is absence of an obligatory freshwater phase in the life cycle (Ref. 74752). Females spawn 0.8 to 2.6 million eggs which develop at sea (Ref. 74912, Chen & Su 1986). Sexually mature at 3 to 4 years (Ref. 74902). Maximum length reported as 120 cm SL (Ref. 7399, 57400, 81659) remains to be confirmed (Project MUGIL). Maximum weight reported as 12 kg (Ref. 56527) seems too high for the area and remains to be confirmed (Project MUGIL). Widely cultivated in freshwater and brackish ponds (Ref. 2847, Jackson 1984, Liao 1981). Marketed fresh, dried, salted, and frozen; roe sold fresh or smoked (Ref. 9321); also used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166).
时常进入河口与河的沿岸鱼种 (参考文献 2850,44894).(参考文献 2847,3573,11230,44894) 通常成群聚集沙或泥之上底部 (参考文献 2850) 与茂密的植物.(参考文献 30578) 主要日行性, 吃浮游动物，底栖的生物与碎屑。 成鱼倾向主要吃藻类当栖息于淡水的时候.(参考文献 28724) 繁殖发生于海洋, 从七月到十月.(参考文献 30578) 雌性产卵被具有一个显著的蛋黄的五至七百万个卵。 在 7 到 8 年时性成熟。 (参考文献 35237) 广泛地在东南亞在淡水池塘中培養了。 (參考文獻 2847) 在市場上銷售新鮮的﹐乾燥的﹐和鹽醃的, 與冷凍; 魚白賣新鮮或燻製;(參考文獻 9321) 也被用於中藥材。 (參考文獻 12166) 在世界上的許多地方中的非常重要的經濟魚種.(參考文獻 26938)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
One spawning aggregation was observed in detail. This consisted of five fish, a female and four males. Males would press against the female, which took place as the entire group moved along slowly, facing into a fairly strong tidal flow.全球分佈於所有海洋的熱帶與亞熱帶區域的沿岸水域。 東太平洋: 美國加州到智利.(參考文獻 2850) 西大西洋: 加拿大的新斯科舍省到巴西;(參考文獻 7251) 科德角到墨西哥灣南部;(參考文獻 26938) 不存在於巴哈馬與大部分的西印度群島與加勒比海。 (參考文獻 7251,9761) 東大西洋: 比斯開灣到南非, 包括地中海與黑海.(參考文獻 7399) 在鄂霍次克海報告。 (參考文獻 50550)
Harrison, I.J., 1995. Mugilidae. Lisas. p. 1293-1298. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9321)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
人类利用
渔业: 高经济性; 养殖: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 诱饵: occasionally
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特别资料
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.3 - 27.9, mean 23.2 °C (based on 3258 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.01084 - 0.01333), b=2.94 (2.91 - 2.97), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 2.5 ±0.17 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.8 (4.1 - 5.5) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 20
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.09-0.15; tm=2-6; tmax=16; Fec=1.6 million).
Prior r = 0.51, 95% CL = 0.34 - 0.77, Based on 12 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (59 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 102 [37, 281] mg/100g; Iron = 1.92 [0.31, 9.44] mg/100g; Protein = 19.6 [18.1, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.462 [0.196, 1.091] g/100g; Selenium = 68.3 [27.6, 201.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.56 [2.17, 26.41] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.55 [0.73, 3.87] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
