Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut dasar (demersal); kisaran kedalaman 0 - 270 m (Ref. 58496). Temperate; 4°C - 8°C; 77°N - 43°N, 28°W - 46°E
Northeast Atlantic: English Channel to Finmarken and Murman coasts and White Sea, also the Shetlands, the Faroes and southern and southwestern coasts of Iceland; southern part of Baltic.
Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 21.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 4700); common length : 14.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 4700); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 3.00 Tahun (Ref. 722)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 5 - 6; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 6 - 8; Sirip dubur lunak: 5 - 7. Unpaired breast row of plates absent, but paired plate rows cover whole breast. Snout with a pair of strong spiny hooks; numerous barbels on branchiostegal membranes. Dorsal plates 31-34 (Ref. 232). Spiny and soft dorsal fins almost fused. No spines on the hind part of the head (Ref. 35388).
Inhabits inshore waters, deeper waters in winter in Skaggerak, preferring sandy bottoms, rarely with stones. Maximum depth reported at 270 m (Ref. 28197). Temp. range: 4.0-8.0 °C. Feeds on bottom crustaceans and polychaetes. Matures after about 1 year; a few spawning in the second year (Ref. 722). The eggs are laid in seaweed (Ref. 9900). Spawns in February - April, female laying 2,500-3,000 yellow eggs with a diameter of 2 mm. Period of development is very long and 6-8 mm long pelagic larvae hatch after 10-11 months (Ref. 35388).
Ehrenbaum, E., 1936. Naturgeschichte und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Seefische Nordeuropas. Handb. Seefisch. Nordeurop. 2:337 p. (Ref. 40)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: tidak ada kepentingan; Akuarium: Akuarium publik
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7 - 11.7, mean 9.2 °C (based on 442 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00395 - 0.02652), b=2.98 (2.76 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.3 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (K=0.47; tm=1-4; tmax=3; Fec=2,400).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (26 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 66.7 [36.3, 143.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.486 [0.257, 0.865] mg/100g; Protein = 17.4 [16.0, 18.8] %; Omega3 = 1.1 [0.5, 3.1] g/100g; Selenium = 14.9 [7.8, 33.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 18.4 [5.7, 55.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.681 [0.485, 0.986] mg/100g (wet weight);
