Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut dasar (demersal); kisaran kedalaman 75 - 440 m (Ref. 7251). Tropical; 32°N - 33°S
Western Atlantic: Georgia, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil; not occurring in the West Indies.
Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 31.6 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 115012); common length : 20.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 5217); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 556.60 g (Ref. 115012)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 12; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 9 - 10; Duri dubur: 3; Sirip dubur lunak: 6. Snout length almost equal to orbit diameter; third dorsal spine not elongated (Ref. 13608).
Found on soft substrate. Have a thick glandular tissue on posterior margin of fin spines which is believed to be venomous (Ref. 57406).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fecundity | Larva
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
penggunaan manusia
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.6 - 23.5, mean 18.8 °C (based on 99 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00693 - 0.01992), b=3.03 (2.89 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (22 of 100).