Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marino demersale; distribuzione batimetrica 75 - 440 m (Ref. 7251). Tropical; 32°N - 33°S
Western Atlantic: Georgia, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil; not occurring in the West Indies.
Size / Peso / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 31.6 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 115012); common length : 20.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 5217); peso massimo pubblicato: 556.60 g (Ref. 115012)
Spine dorsali (totale) : 12; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 9 - 10; Spine anali: 3; Raggi anali molli: 6. Snout length almost equal to orbit diameter; third dorsal spine not elongated (Ref. 13608).
Found on soft substrate. Have a thick glandular tissue on posterior margin of fin spines which is believed to be venomous (Ref. 57406).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturità | Riproduzione | Deposizione | Uova | Fecundity | Larve
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Human uses
Strumenti
Special reports
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.6 - 23.5, mean 18.8 °C (based on 99 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00693 - 0.01992), b=3.03 (2.89 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilienza (Ref.
120179): Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (22 of 100).